43. Under the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of 1936, which of the following will make a vessel liable if there is damage to the cargo?

Under the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of 1936, a vessel is liable for cargo damage if the vessel was unseaworthy when sailing, as the carrier has a duty to ensure seaworthiness before and at the beginning of the voyage; other options represent statutory defenses that protect the carrier from liability.