1. Bilges may be pumped ______.

Bilges containing oil or oily mixtures must be discharged overboard only through an approved oily water separator to comply with MARPOL Annex I and 33 CFR Subchapter O, which prohibit direct discharge and impose strict limits (typically 15 ppm). Timing or convenience do not supersede pollution regulations, and emergency exceptions apply only to safety-of-ship or damage situations, not routine machinery failures.